|
Castello Barbarossa is an archaeological ruin and ornithological station in Anacapri, on the island of Capri, Italy. It derives its name from the pirate and Ottoman admiral, Hayreddin, nicknamed Barbarossa ("Redbeard"), who stormed it in 1535 and destroyed it in 1544. The construction date is uncertain but it perhaps dates back to the late ninth century. From 1898, the structure, now in ruins, was owned by the Swedish psychiatrist Axel Munthe who donated it to his foundation. The surroundings, interesting for their botanical features, are home to the island's ornithological station. ==History== The castle's construction date (ca. late ninth century) is uncertain.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.comunedianacapri.it/it/s/castello-barbarossa-2 )〕 It is known to have existed at the end of the tenth century. Taking advantage of local labour, the Dukes of Amalfi built it in order to gain full control over the island of Capri.〔Oebalus (2006), p. 175.〕 The manor house was originally owned by Adelferio, son of Sergius II (d. 1028),〔 who called the area ''Anglum ad Castellum'' ("the corner near the castle").〔Oebalus (2008), p. 28.〕 On 15 November 988, Adelferio donated the castle, as well as his other possessions in Anacapri (including Artimo, Orrico and Gradola), to Giovanni, Count of Capri. The document refers to "unam silvam ad angulum ipsum castellum" (a wood at the corner of the castle).〔 Protected by the fortress, the area enjoyed a period of stability in the tenth and eleventh centuries.〔Oebalus (2006), p. 176.〕 The Norman conquest of Campania forced the Dukes of Amalfi to modernize the structure to provide greater resistance to the enemy. The interior of the fortress was then extended with new features, including a chapel with a buttressed vault.〔 Other additions from the thirteenth century included a cylindrical tower, two protective walls and other items necessitated by the development of siege techniques and firearms.〔 In the fifteenth century, the island of Capri was subjected to attacks by Muslim pirates. Consequently, the population often used the fortress as a refuge. But after the raids in 1535, led by Ottoman pirates Hayreddin Barbarossa and Dragut, the fortress was destroyed in 1544, and those who had taken shelter there were kidnapped or robbed.〔 Rather than being named after its builder, the castle derives its name from its pirate destroyer. The Angevins attempted to reconstruct the fortress, but without success as the Neapolitans had little building experience. It therefore fell on the inhabitants of Anacapri to care for the fortress which, as a result, was never rebuilt.〔 Barbarossa Castle was then almost totally forgotten until the eighteenth century when the manor was included in some geographical treaties.〔Oebalus (2006), p. 174.〕 At the beginning of the nineteenth century, it was however used for military purposes after reinforcement by both the British (1806), who built embrasures for riflemen and a powder house, and by the French (1808), who built a defensive wall which extended from the castle to the Phoenician Steps.〔 In the mid-nineteenth century, after the growing interest of literary circles in the Mediterranean environment and archaeological findings,〔 itinerant scholars described the castle as "a ruin immersed in wonderfully wild surroundings", and in the first half of the twentieth century the site became a must in all Capri's maps and travel guides.〔 As already mentioned, the castle with the surrounding land was purchased by Munthe who, as he hated hunting, made it a sanctuary for birds. Throughout his life, Munthe campaigned to abolish hunting and was able to convince Benito Mussolini himself to draw up legislation denying hunters access to the island.〔 As of 1950, a year after Munthe's death,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.villasanmichele.eu/it/istitutodicultura )〕 the castle became part of the Axel Munthe Foundation under the ownership of the Swedish Consulate.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Castello Barbarossa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|